DNA Extraction Experiment - 2376 Words

In this experiment for DNA extraction, series of molecular analyses conducted such as, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymerase Chain Reaction clean-up, Cycle Sequencing, Cycle Sequencing clean-up and some online tools and software were used to determine which animal corresponded to the unknown tissue sample obtained in the beginning of the experiment. After all the procedures, had been conducted, the unknown DNA was identified to be Cervus Elaphus. Introduction: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. In every person’s body, DNA is identical in all the cells. Usually DNA is located in the cell’s nucleus, but a small amount of DNA can be found in the mitochondria part of the cell where it’s known as mtDNA, or mitochondrial DNA. The rate of mutation is higher in nucleic, the mtDNA is used to cut cell wall (phospholipid), ATL, and Protein K (enzyme). The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four basses: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine. The sequences of these bases determine the information available for building and maintaining an organism. The differences between individuals within and among species are mainly the result of differences in the DNA sequences that constitute the genes in their genomes. The genetic information coded in DNA is largely responsible for determining the structure, function, and development of the cell and the organism Advances in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) technology overShow MoreRelatedExtraction And Visualisation Of The Kiwi Fruit And Strawberry Fruit Dna1231 Words   |  5 PagesTitle: Extraction and Visualisation of the Kiwi Fruit and Strawberry Fruit DNA Introduction: All organisms have DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) in the nuclei of their cells. The aim of this experiment is to extract this DNA using common household detergent to breakdown the cellular membrane then through the use of ethanol to extract the DNA from the Kiwi and Strawberry fruit. After the DNA has been extracted the DNA will be visualised by agarose gel electrophoresis which is done by adding a dye to theRead MoreBiochemical Techniques for the Extraction of Escherichia Coli Genomic DNA 845 Words   |  4 Pageswhich should be present in every biologist’s kit. This study therefore attempts to elucidate the theoretical and practical processes involved in both the polymerase chain reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis through the extraction and visualization of Escherichia coli genomic DNA through said techniques. Nucleic acids are necessary biomolecules as they function in the expression, transmission and storing of genetic information needed for the synthesis of proteins. They are responsible for passingRead MoreDNA EXTRACTION Essay1195 Words   |  5 Pageslearned from studying an organisms DNA. The first step to doing this is extracting DNA from cells. In this experiment, you will isolate DNA from the cells of fruit. Materials (1) 10 mL Graduated Cylinder(2) 100 mL Beakers15 cm Cheesecloth1 Resealable Bag1 Rubber Band (Large. Contains latex pleasewear gloves when handling if you have a latex allergy).Standing Test TubeWooden Stir StickFresh, Soft Fruit (e.g., Grapes, Strawberries, Banana, etc.) ScissorsDNA Extraction SolutionIce Cold EthanolYou MustRead MoreLab 13 Essay1011 Words   |  5 Pagesoriginal nucleotide sequence: RNA, DNA, Amino Acid, Protein Protein, amino acid, RNA, DNA 2. Identify two structural differences between DNA and RNA. Two structural differences between DNA and RNA would be that RNA contains ribose while DNA is missing the hydroxyl group form its ribose. Also, RNA is created by transcription of a gene locate in the cells of DNA. DNA is doubled stranded whereas RNA is single stranded. 3. Suppose you are performing an experiment in which you must use heat toRead MoreDna Extraction Lab Report1627 Words   |  7 PagesTan 1 DNA EXTRACTION Aim : To extract the DNA from an egg yolk using various enzymes and to compare with other groups the most effective way to extract DNA. Hypothesis : To be able to observe white springy substances after mixing with enzyme and alcohol. Apparatus : -Test tube, spatula, glass rod, dropper, beaker, test tube rack, skewer. Materials : - 1 egg, meat tenderizer, salt, water , soap, isopropyl alcohol 91%, pineapple juice. Variables : Manipulated Variable : RespondingRead MoreInvestigating And Extract Chromatin From Plant And Animal Tissues1709 Words   |  7 PagesWithin this experiment, we are working to both investigate and extract chromatin from plant and animal tissues. Chromatin fundamentally is the material that makes up the chromosomes and is comprised of DNA and histone proteins. Histones, which are small proteins that encompass a large amount of the basic amino acids, enable negatively charged DNA molecules to be bound. 1 Found within eukaryotic cells’ nucleuses, histones serve to bundle DNA into nucleosomes. They make up a great deal of the componentsRead MoreHl Bio Dna Design Lab1092 Words   |  5 PagesDNA extraction in Watermelon and Bananas Abstract During this experiment the researcher investigated the differing amounts of DNA present in bananas and watermelon. So that the researcher could do this, and accurately record the amounts, the researcher liquefied the fruits in a blender, added water and salt to them, and the added laundry detergent before using contact solution as an enzyme. Rubbing alcohol was then poured into the mixture and the DNA was extracted andRead MoreGenetics Module 7 Lab 2 Essay1692 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿******************************************************************************************** Answer Sheet—Module 7 Lab DNA Extraction Click on the following link and view the DNA extraction: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/extraction/ 1. What is the source of the cells used in this demonstration? A human. 2. Give three practical uses of DNA that is extracted:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a. Genetic testing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b. Body Identification   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   c. Forensic analysis 3. Name the piece ofRead MorePolymerase Chain Reaction ( Pcr )1564 Words   |  7 Pagesof the experiment, others are linked to genetic disorders and other illnesses. Batzer and Deininger (2002) even mention that â€Å"Alu insertions account for ~0.1% of all human genetic disorders (p. 374)† including some forms of cancer and diabetes. Alu, then, allows researchers to create a biological map of human activity. What are the objectives of this lab? (5 pts) Using polymerase chain reaction (PRC), this lab focuses on the amplification of DNA extracted from cheek cells. The experiment aims toRead MoreThe Extraction Of Dna From A Kiwi Fruit Run Through Agarose Gel Electrophoresis1383 Words   |  6 PagesTitle: The Extraction of DNA from a Kiwi Fruit Run Through Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. Introduction: In this experiment the use of gel electrophoresis and DNA extraction will be used to see that kiwi fruit has evidence of DNA. The aim is to be able to extract the DNA from a Kiwi Fruit then be able to load then visualize the DNA that was extracted through the use of Gel Electrophoresis. Materials: The materials used were Kiwi Fruit (peeled and cut into triangles), Plastic zip lock bag, I – 10 mL

Discusses the Importance of Truth in The Catcher in the Rye

From the very beginning of the novel, Holden decides what you want to hear, and what hes going to tell you. He refuses to talk about his parents past because that stuff bores me, and his parents would have about two hemorrhages apiece if I told anything pretty personal about them.(page 1) Throughout the novel, he avoids telling the truth about anything too personal or boring. This suggests he thinks nothing of being economical with the truth for his own convenience. He certainly seems eager to decide for himself how much hes going to tell you. Im not going to tell you my whole goddamn autobiography or anything. Ill just tell you about this madman stuff that happened to me.(page 1) He also informs us that he hasnt†¦show more content†¦Another truth that Holdens casual attitude might distract us from, is whom hes really talking to. There are a few vague references to his location in the opening pages. Just before I got pretty run down, and had to come out here and tak e it easy. That isnt too far from this crummy place, and he comes over and visits me practically every weekend. But these references dont indicate who hes talking to exactly. We already assume that hes told his brother something similar to the story hes about to tell, and its a fair assumption that he was in the same location at the time, since his brother often visits. It doesnt seem important to know the truth about whom Holdens really talking to. The books casual tone helps the reader relate to Holden, and since they dont know who hes talking to, the casual reader may assume that Holdens talking to them. This is responsible in part for the books status as a cult classic. Since most of the novel takes place in the recent and distant past, the truth about Holdens current location seems unimportant. It is more important, in certain instances, during the text to imagine the location or scene that Holden is describing. Its more useful to picture the museum, for example, to relate to the way Holden feels about it, especially when he finally enters. Its important to picture this scene to understand why it upsets Holden so much. Picturing theShow MoreRelatedHow Salinger’s Holden Caulfield Relates to Teenagers Throughout Time1412 Words   |  6 PagesHow Salinger’s Holden Caulfield Relates to Teenagers Throughout Time In 1951, J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye was #1 on the New York Time’s bestseller list. Since then, the American Literary Association claims The Catcher in the Rye is a â€Å"favorite of censors.† The use of harsh language and profanity has been a long time debate of educators causing the novel to be pulled off bookshelves and propelling J.D. Salinger and his protagonist, Holden Caulfield, into reluctant fame. TheRead MoreLanguage Catcher in the Rye4730 Words   |  19 PagesThe American Dialect Society The Language of The Catcher in the Rye Author(s): Donald P. Costello Source: American Speech, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Oct., 1959), pp. 172-181 Published by: Duke University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/454038 . Accessed: 30/01/2011 11:19 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in partRead More Oppression and Depression: The Effects of White Masculinity2725 Words   |  11 Pagesattractive, or whether men just prefer these traits in each other and themselves, the standards of beauty are still predetermined on their behalf. A tall, handsome, muscular male is physically and visually considered a man. In the book Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger admires these traits in the character of Stradlater through Holden Caulfield’s perspective. Caulfield is amazed at what a â€Å"very sexy guy† Stradlater is, and how â€Å"handsome† he is. Holden is obviously personally impressed by his

Confucianism Essay - 573 Words

Confucianism Confucianism is a moral and religious system of China. Its origins go back to the Analects, the sayings attributed to Confucius, and to ancient writings, including that of Mencius. Confucius was born a mandarin under the name Kongzi. It was developed around 550 B.C. In its earliest form Confucianism was primarily a system of ethical concepts for the control of society. It saw man as a social creature that is bound to his fellow men by jen, or â€Å"humanity.† Jen is expressed through the five relationships—sovereign and subject, parent and child, elder and younger brother, husband and wife, and friend and friend. Of these, the filial relation is most important. The relationships are said to function smoothly if you stress li,†¦show more content†¦The practice of offering sacrifices and other rituals to Confucius in special shrines began in the 1st century A.D. and continued into the 20th century. Confucianism has often had to contend with other religious systems, mainly Taoism and Buddhism. It has also suffered declines, especially from the 3rd to 7th century. It had a renaissance period in the late T’ang dynasty. It was not until the Sung dynasty and the appearance of neo-Confucianism that Confucianism became the dominant philosophy among educated Chinese. Using Taoist and Buddhist ideas, neo-Confucian thinkers formulated a system of metaphysics, which had not been a part of older Confucianism. They were particularly influenced by Ch’an, or Zen Buddhism. Nevertheless they rejected the Taoist search for immortality and Buddhist ethical universalistic teachings, keeping instead the political and social vision of the early Confucian teachings. In 479 B.C. the government made it part of the civil service examination. The neo-Confucian teachings were unified and established as orthodoxy by Chu Hsi and his system dominated Chinese intellectual life. His metaphysics is based on the concept of li, or principle of form, and the combination of these, called the â€Å"supreme ultimate.† During the Ming dynasty, the idealist school of Wang Yang-ming stressed meditation and knowledge. The overthrow of the monarchy, with whichShow MoreRelatedConfucianism : Taoism, Confucianism, And Confucianism1156 Words   |  5 PagesRaymond Cho EALC 350 October 29, 2014 Professor Birge Which philosophy: Taoism, Confucianism, or Legalism would be best in your opinion for maintaining a peaceful society? Why? Perhaps there is no single philosophy that can create a truly peaceful society. The conundrum of choosing a philosophy to embody a peaceful society is rather complicated, as the ideologies of the philosophies often differ greatly from their real world application. Debates over ideologies can create global scale problemsRead MoreChristianity And Confucianism : Confucianism2203 Words   |  9 PagesChristianity and Confucianism Christianity and Confucianism are important religions today at least according to the Chinese. As a result, the rising influence brought about by Confucianism in China tends to trigger conflicts between the two religions. The Chinese society is greatly influenced by Confucianism, which has a considerable impact on Christianity as a religion in China. The modes of thinking associated with Confucianism are evident in the Chinese Christianity, but Confucianism ideas are deeplyRead MoreConfucianism, Taoism, And Confucianism1277 Words   |  6 Pagesmain philosophies: Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism. These beliefs helped shape Chinese culture as well as Chinese history. Not only did people believe in these ideas, but the three helped to govern the mighty Chinese dynasties. These dynasties all provided an impact to each doctrine; the philosophy that had the greatest impact was legalism because it ended the Warring States Period, provided structure, and strengthened agriculture, and the military of China. Although Confucianism, Taoism and LegalismRead MoreA Short History Of Confucianism And Confucianism1196 Words   |  5 PagesProfessor Dimick 23 November 2014 A Short History of Confucianism Confucianism is a way of life propagated by the Chinese philosopher Confucius in the 6th–5th century BCE, and it has been followed by the Chinese for more than 2000 years. Although Confucianism as changed over time, at its core, it is still places the same emphasis on the substance of learning, the source of values, and the social code of the Chinese. Additionally, the influence of Confucianism has extended to other countries such as KoreaRead MoreDifferences Between Confucianism And Confucianism1084 Words   |  5 Pagesphilosophies were similar, like their beliefs about man and society; their ideas were a little bit different and each had their own focus. The difference in focus between Confucianism and Taoism is that Confucianism was focused on having a structured society. It held as a principle the brotherhood of humanity. The opinion of Confucianism in humans was that for humans to live in harmony with each other there needed to be a type of hierarchy in place. That†™s why he had the five Confucian relationships inRead MoreEssay on Confucianism1052 Words   |  5 PagesConfucianism What is Confucianism? Confucianism was the single most important thing in Chinese life. It affected everything in China; education, government, and attitudes toward behavior in public and private life. Confucianism is not a religion, but it is more a philosophy and a guide to morality and good government. The Laozian and Mohist critiques of the Confucianism are both in an accurate fashion. Most significant value from Lazi is The Tao Te Jing. It is true that, while ConfucianismRead MoreEssay on Confucianism2000 Words   |  8 PagesConfucianism A philosopher named Confucius founded Confucianism in China 2,500 years ago. Confucianism is a system of ethical behavior and social responsibility that became the great traditions of the East.1 It played an important role in the evolution in Chinese culture over the centuries. It has influenced near-by countries and had made a mark in the history of religion. There are today over six million people who call themselves Confucianists. Most Confucianists live in East Asia whereRead More Confucianism Essay2049 Words   |  9 Pages Confucianism Mencius vs Hsun Tzu nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Is man naturally good or is he evil? This question has not only been pondered by countless philosophers, but also by religious leaders around the world. Most often a single religious faith believes in either one or the other, and often these beliefs tend to create a certain world-view which dictates much of the faith. However, in some cases such as the one I will be discussing, two religious dignitaries do not agree and the repercussionsRead MoreContributions Of Confucianism1034 Words   |  5 PagesConfucius was a great Chinese philosopher, but he was also a teacher, editor, and politician. He was born on September 28, 551 BC, and died in 479 BC. He was most well known as Confucius, but his real name is Kong Qiu. After his death, Confucianism became the official imperial philosophy of China. Later after his death, he was regarded as a sage who deserved greater recognition, and his teachings became more popular. He accomplished many great things in his life, and died a successful man. Read MoreIs Confucianism A Religion?1595 Words   |  7 PagesIs Confucianism A Religion? Without a doubt, Confucius is regarded as one of the greatest sages of China history. Some people even refer to him as a deity. There have even been attempts to make Confucianism into a religion. However, present day people regard Confucius as an ethical teacher rather than a man of religious faith, and they refuse to believe that Confucianism is a religion. However, in order to determine whether Confucianism is a religion, the most important Confucian text, The Analects

Internet Effects on Students Essay Sample free essay sample

Since the last 30 old ages. there have been many technological alterations and development. During that period. computing machine and cyberspace are among the fastest developed engineerings. But in that peculiar period. there have been similar mornings. Films. wireless. records. broadcast telecasting. audiotape. videotape. programmed learning machines. etc. These alterations of engineerings have besides affected our larning establishments such as school. college and universities. In fact the impact on the majority of instruction and acquisition has been minimum. The cyberspace connects computing machine webs all over the universe so that users can portion resources and communicate with each other. Some computing machines can entree straight to all the installations on the cyberspace such as the universities. colleges and schools. And other computing machines. for illustration privately-owned or stand alone 1s. are links indirectly through a commercial service supplier. which can give partial or full of the Internet installations. In order to be connected to Internet. you must travel through service providers. There is a batch of options offered with monthly rates footing depending on the option chosen. entree clip may be different. The Internet is what we call a metanetwork. dwelling a web that spans the full Earth. It is difficult to give an exact count of the figure of webs or users that comprise the Internet. but it is easy in the 1000s and 1000000s severally. The Internet have a set of standardised protocols which allow for the sharing of resources among different sorts of computing machines and users that communicate with each other on the web. These criterions. sometimes referred to as the Internet Protocol Suite. are the regulations that developers adhere to when making new maps for the Internet. The Internet is besides what we call a distributed system ; there is no cardinal archives. Technically. no 1 runs the Internet. Rather. the Internet is made up of 1000s of smaller webs. The Internet are develops by many users who finds a new ways to make. show and recover the information that constitutes the Internet. At the beginning. the Internet was originally used by the Department of Defense as a manner to protect authorities communications systems in the event of a military work stoppage. The original web. called ARPANet which has been developed by Advanced Research Projects Agency. evolved into a communications channel among contractors. military forces. and university research workers who were lending to ARPA undertakings. In order to make an effectual manner of communications and informations sharing with each others. the web has been made up with a set of standard protocols. In the 1980’s. ARPAnet spreads popularly and widely among research workers. Because of that. the National Science Foundation ( NSFNet ) has linked several high velocity computing machines and took charge of what had come to be known by all of us as the Internet. Thousands of collaborating webs take part in the Internet during the late 1980’s. In 1991. the U. S. High Performance Computing Act established the NREN ( National Research A ; Education Network ) . NREN’s objectives was to develop and keep high-velocity webs for research and instruction. and to look into commercial utilizations for the Internet. The remainder. as they say. is history in the devising. The Internet has been improved through the developments of several services such as Gopher and the World Wide Web. Internet continues to turn as an informational. originative. and commercial resources every twenty-four hours and in all over the universe even though it is preponderantly thought as a research oriented web. ( American University in Cairo. 2002 ) About more than one tierce of the population in the universe aware of cyberspace. It is likely one of the most buzzed words in the modern epoch. The younger coevals is wholly dependent on the Internet. The present coevals does non necessitate anything else when they have entree to the Internet. Most of pupils now barely consult books to roll up stuffs for their survey. They blindly rely on the Internet to make so. INTERNET BENEFITS FOR STUDENTS Center of informationInternet possibly truly has something of import to offer because people presents are so much into it. Peoples can roll up any kind of information that they want with the aid of the web. Students do non necessitate to travel to libraries any longer to roll up survey stuffs from the books that are kept at that place because they can acquire all of them from e-books. They can acquire the same thing provided in books through the Internet within a fraction of seconds. There are many thi nanograms which are at that place on the web but barely found in the books. Sometimes. there are opportunities that people may run out of information handiness in books. But they can seek for the same without any concerns on the web. There is barely any information which is non available in the web. Options for larning Entree to cyberspace are available to most of schools these yearss. And most instructors prepare their survey stuffs for pupils with the aid of the web. The teaching-learning procedure has become easier and much smooth after the coming of the cyberspace. Even if pupils have any confusion with the instructions of the instructors. they can unclutter it by taking the aid of Internet. There are many medium that they can mention to seek for elucidation on one to pic such as forum. and now. with the growing of societal media. 2. 3Less Cost and Time Consumption The Internet non merely helps the pupils to roll up survey stuffs but helps everybody and anybody who wants to seek for any informations. Today. the web plays an of import function in our day-to-day life. International trades and trades are being done through the Internet comparison to nonprescription dealing in old clip. This will definiately cut the cost and clip when one can online at anytime and anyplace. every bit long as they have internet connexion. In fact. reputed educational establishments conduct on-line tests to acknowledge their pupils. Creates better ocular logical thinkingIn order to acquire through an interview of a company today. one has to hold a good cognition about the web. A recent survey by Johnson ( 2008 ) related with the procedure toward consciousness and cognition of pupils to the frequence of Internet usage. She found that those college pupils who are frequent Internet users demonstrate better ocular logical thinking. These pupil are able to pull strings good of what they have in their head onto the paper. They besides can bring forth more critical thought as their position in visual image are wider. Generate positif attitudes toward computing machinesUsing the cyberspace for learning and learning intents are acquiring increasing attending over the recent old ages. Students that have easy entree to computing machines in networked learning establishment could bring forth positive attitudes toward the usage of computing machines in instruction and acquisition. Computer-enriched acquisition environment are positively correlated with students’ attitudes toward computing machines in general. and the function of computing machines in easing instruction and acquisition. ( Mitra and Steffensmeier. 2000 ) . Liu. Macmillan. and Timmons ( 1998 ) perceived incorporating computing machines into a acquisition system as a complex instructional system in which pupil acquisition is impacted by lectors. pupils. administrative and proficient staff. computing machine hardware and package resources. and besides the computing machine research lab and schoolroom scenes. They reported that pupils with positive attitudes toward utilizing computing machines besides have positive attitudes toward utilizing computing machines for their acquisition. Real experience acquisitionStudents can make existent experiences larning from the cyberspace. The thought that acquisition is a constructive procedure are widely accepted instead than passively receive information. scholars are actively construct cognition. Through these positions. Internet applications provide to use and see the installations of constructivist position ( Plomp. et Al. . 1996 ) . In add-on to this. Internet helps to ease concerted larning environment. Within the group heterogeneousness. positive group mutuality. single answerability and group treating constituents of concerted acquisition. pupils can experience the sense of group kineticss and motive on their acquisition through the cyberspace ( Crane. 2000 ) . Through the constructivist attack. incorporating Internet to the instruction is so easy and effectual. This can further the high degree of the accomplishments for pupils in job resolution and analysing information through the aid of the Internet installations ( Roblyer. 2000 ) . Based on constructivist and pupil centered sense of instruction. pupils should catch the vision and be active in constructing what is needed for alteration and growing on the issue of educational engineering importance and applications. All integrating of these positions should be in the repertory of the pupils to be much better for acquisition. Students must follow that willingness ; consciousness is the first measure in utilizing the technological installations. In order to utilize it efficaciously. fruitfully and expeditiously. there should be right and positive attitudes of the user. DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF INTERNETThe cyberspace is regarded as the largest information base and it has play an of import function of our lives. Not merely can we entree a broad sum of informations on the cyberspace but it can besides can be use as a channel of communicating. Thankss to internet. Electronic mails and instant messages have made on-line communicating possible today. Social networking web sites and on-line treatment forums have proved to be popular platforms of look and information sharing. However. there is a monetary value to pay for this easy entree to such sums of information. There are a figure of psychological deductions. with the turning usage of cyberspace by pupils. Some of which include the followers: Limited KnowledgeWith the turning usage of cyberspace for research intents. there is now a diminution in the figure of books used for research. Besides the information available on the cyberspace is limited and largely pertains to the developed states ; a consequence. the cognition obtained is limited. Since information about developing states is scarce. Information that can be gained become general without a valid beginnings from the writer. It is easy to acquire the information but it is barrier to formalize the beginnings. Unlike the information gained from books or hardcopy article where the name of its writer or publication are clearly stated. IsolationDue to passing infinite hours on the cyberspace. pupils now spend a really limited quality clip with their household and existent friends. Therefore. there is a weakening of the household bond and besides limited interaction with existent people. As a consequence. they may lose out on existent life interaction with different relatives’ consequences in deformed societal accomplishments and limited existent life societal web. In extend. this might take to more serious issue which is dysfuntional of the household. Negative Impact of Uncensored MaterialIn today’s twenty-four hours and age it is harder to maintain a cheque on the web sites. a pupil is sing and hence. a batch of pupils are now being exposed to obscene. sexual stuff online such as erotica. Besides since the individuality of an person is concealed online. there are a figure of sexual marauders online. who will take advantage of them. With bulk of pupils owns their ain appliance such as smartphone. laptop and ipad. and they can hold the entree to the cyberspace everyplace. it is become hard for the senior like parents and college governments to command on the web site that the student’s breaker. Exposure to ViolenceWith the turning usage of the cyberspace by pupils. there is an addition in on-line games. These games are really violent and expose them to explicit content and violent state of affairss therefore desensitising the pupil and doing them more prone to bring downing self injury. every bit good as injury on others. As a pupil and adolescents. the curiousity among them are so high. They tend to seek what they saw or experience in practical universe. When an action has been exaggerating. it may caused danger and jokes become serious. 3. 5 Addiction to the InternetStudents besides have an unrealistic feeling of power and control. when utilizing the cyberspace and as a consequence. they become addicted to the cyberspace. They can pass half of their twenty-four hours shoping web site. chew the fating on societal web. updating position. playing games. etc. Internet have become portion of their life with easy entree through their Mobile. Ipad. etc. As the consequence. they will left the everyday with friends and household. They will passing less clip on the healthier activities like athleticss. Information Fatigue SyndromeWith the turning usage of the cyberspace. there is an extra of cognition available online. As a consequence. there is â€Å"too much information† . Information Fatigue Syndrome is when an single becomes extremely stressed through seeking to get by with the immense sums of information. The symptoms of Information Fatigue Syndrome include â€Å"paralysis of analytical capacity† . â€Å"a hyper-aroused psychological condition† . and â€Å"anxiety and self-doubt† . taking to â€Å"foolish decisions† and flawed conclusions† . ( Dr. Ruhi Khalid ) DecisionThe usage of the Internet on school campuses and in society has besides increased dramatically in recent old ages. Whereas the academic usage of the Internet is chiefly intended for acquisition and research. the Internet has besides become an of import portion of pupil life. However. from clip to clip. instances of over engagement with the Internet have been observed on different campuses. For illustration. Chou et Al. ( 1999 ) observed that in one abode hall at their university. four roomies were busy. softly working on their computing machines. They lo gged onto the Internet to chew the fat with other people. whom were no other than their roomies. Some college pupils remain connected to the Internet every bit long as they are awake. Teachers may detect that fewer and fewer pupils are willing to take early forenoon categories. and some of those who do register for forenoon categories on a regular basis come in late. It has besides come to the attending of some school decision makers that some pupils get hapless classs or are placed on academic probation because they spend excessively much clip on the Internet instead than on their surveies. With the recent development of the World Wide Web and the attending given to tomorrow’s high velocity bringing of information and slipperiness broadcast medium. it is easy to overlook one of the most good facets of today’s Internet. It is above all a communicating tool one which allows us as either instructors or pupils to pass on among other pupils. co-workers and specializers from our ain schoolrooms or media centres. Contrary to the frights that many have expressed about the negative effects of such a engineering. The Internet provides an alone chance for instructors of history to expose their pupils non merely to a huge array of informational resources but more significantly to human resources from around the universe. The Internet shows us as much about how people relate to one another as about how they react to engineering. In decision. today’s society is in the center of a technological roar. where most of us are trusting on it in our day-to-day activities. We can either take to take advantage of this epoch. or merely allow it go through them by. The Internet is a really powerful tool. It has many advantages. nevertheless. people need to be highly cognizant and cautious of the disadvantages every bit good. In add-on. parents should non trust on formal instruction to command of the pupils activites. but they have to co-operate with schools or university to do certain that pupils are to the full use the cyberspace maps for good and to avoid from dependence.

EMU Electronics- Report for Emu Firmware manufacturers & suppliers

Question: Describe the Report for Emu Electronics as an Electronics Manufacturer. Answer: Part A Introduction The case is about Emu Electronics which is situated in Box Hill, Victoria. The company was founded more than 50 years ago and it used to repair radio and other household appliances. The company has grown over the years and is a specialty dealer in electronics item. At present the major revenue source of the company is smart phone. The company has designed a new smart phone with all existing features and built in Wifi tethering facility. For the development of this phone the company has invested 750000 in development of the prototype of the new smart phone. Emu has also spent 200000 for marketing study so that they are able to forecast the demand of the new smart phone being launched. The company has also calculated the variable cost and fixed cost that will be incurred in running the operation of the manufacturing facility which will produce the new smart phones. Shelly Chan is the current managing director of the company and she has inherited the company from her father. She wants t o calculate the various parameters involved in capital budgeting of the company so that she can take decision about the project and how to reduce the costs to increase efficiency and profit of the organization. Analysis The Emu electronics wants to calculate the various parameters involved in capital budgeting of the company. Capital budgeting is a technique used by the companies to estimate whether the investments made in the project will be able to provide returns to the investors. It takes into account all the cash flow from the various revenue sources in the future and all possible expenditure to estimate the profit from the investment. The expenditure includes investment in property, equipment, market study and research and development. These are also called capital expenditure. The cash flow from the various revenue sources in the future are discounted using the discount rate to calculate the present value of the earnings in the future. The discount rate of the project depends upon the financial risk involved in the project. The company tries to minimize the financial risk involved in the project by using different ratios of debt and equity while financing the project. The ratio of debt and equity is maintained such that the risk is minimized and overall profit to the company increases. The main objective of any project under taken by a company is to maximize profit for the shareholders. The profit can be maximized by reducing cost or increasing revenue from the project. In this case, the source of revenue is by sales of smart phones and the expenses each year is due to the variable cost involved in manufacturing smart phone and the initial investment is for the purchase of the equipment required for manufacturing the smart phones. Thus in the year 0, the company makes the investment of 34.5 million for the equipment cost. The Research and development cost of 750000 and the marketing cost of 200000 is sunk cost and hence not a part of the capital expenditure. Depreciation is calculated using straight line method for 7 years and the salvage value is 0. However at the end of the 5 years, an amount of 5500000 can be received for the equipment. Thus depreciation = (34.5 0)/ 7 = 4.928 million In the first year, The number of mobile units sold = 64000 Price of the smart phone = 485 Thus revenue earned = Units sold* Unit selling price = 106000* 485 = 31040000 Variable cost per unit = 205 Thus total variable cost = Units sold* Unit variable price = 205* 64000 = 13120000 Fixed cost each year for operation of plant = 5100000 Thus net profit = Revenue variable cost fixed cost = 31040000 13120000 5100000 = 12820000 EBIT = Net profit Depreciation = 12820000 4928571 = 7891429 Tax = 30% of EBIT = 30% * 7891429 = 2367429 Profit before tax = 7891429 2367429 = 5524000 Working capital = 20% of revenue = 20% * 31040000 = 6208000 Change in working capital = working capital (year 1) - working capital (year 0) = 6208000 0 = 6208000 Capital expenditure in year 1 = 0 Free cash flow = Profit before tax + Depreciation Change in working capital capital expenditure Thus in year 1, Free cash flow = 5524000 + 4928571 6208000 0 = 4244571 Discount rate = 12% Present value = Free cash flow/ (1 + r)^n = 4244571/ (1 + 0.12)^1 = 3789796 Similarly, the values for other years are calculated. The table of all the values for the next 5 years is given below. Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Units sold 64000 106000 87000 78000 54000 Selling Price 485 485 485 485 485 Revenue 31040000 51410000 42195000 37830000 26190000 Variable cost/ unit 205 205 205 205 205 Total Variable cost 13120000 21730000 17835000 15990000 11070000 Fixed cost 5100000 5100000 5100000 5100000 5100000 Net Profit 12820000 24580000 19260000 16740000 10020000 Depreciation 4928571 4928571 4928571 4928571 4928571 EBIT 7891429 19651429 14331429 11811429 5091429 Tax 2367429 5895429 4299429 3543429 1527429 PBT 5524000 13756000 10032000 8268000 3564000 Working Capital 6208000 10282000 8439000 7566000 0 Change in Working capital 6208000 4074000 -1843000 -873000 -7566000 Capital Expenditure 34500000 -5500000 Free cash flow -34500000 4244571 14610571 16803571 14069571 21558571 Present value -34500000 3789796 11647458 11960450 8941467 12232912 Cumulative Present Value -34500000 -30710204 -19062746 -7102296 1839171 14072084 1. The payback period is defined as the amount of time required by the company to recover the investment it has made in the project using the revenue generated from the project. Payback period helps manager to decide whether or not they want to accept the project. A project is accepted by the management if the payback period calculated is less than the targeted payback period i.e. the amount of time required by the company to recover the initial investment is less than the expected amount of time by the management. (Investopedia, Payback Period, 2011) In this case, the initial investment is 34.5 million and the revenue is generated from sales of the smart phones. Payback period = Investment/ Sum of cash flows till break even = 34500000 / (4244571 + 14610571 + 16803571) = 2.90 years A drawback of using Payback period for determining acceptability or rejection of a project is that Payback period does not take into account time value of money and can lead to inaccurate decisions. 2. Profitability index is defined as the ratio of the present value of all the future cash flow and the investment made initially in the project. It is also used to help managers decide whether or not they want to accept the project. A project is accepted by the management if the Profitability index calculated is more than 1 and is rejected if the Profitability index calculated is less than 1. In this case, the Profitability index = Sum of the present value of all the free cash flows / Initial Investment = 47572084/ 34500000 = 1.40 The Profitability index calculated is more than 1. Hence the project can be accepted. 3. Internal rate of return is defined as the discount rate at which the net present value of all the future cash flow for a project becomes zero. It is also used to help managers decide whether or not they want to accept the project. A project is accepted by the management if the Internal rate of return calculated is more than targeted rate of return and is rejected if the Internal rate of return calculated is less than targeted rate of return. (Investopedia, 2013) In this case, Internal rate of return r then NPV = = 0 Thus calculating we get r = 24.6% 4. Net Present Value (NPV) is defined as the net present value of all the future cash flow for a project obtained by discounting all the future cash flow at the discount rate. It is also used to help managers decide whether or not they want to accept the project. A project is accepted by the management if the Net Present Value calculated is more than 0 and is rejected if the Net Present Value calculated is less than 0. (Investopedia, 2011) In this case, NPV = , where F0 is the initial investment = 14072083.64 The advantage of using the Net Present Value is that NPV takes in to account all the future cash flows and time value of money. Also it helps the management understand the amount of money the project is going to generate for them. However the disadvantage of using NPV is that it does not takes into account the initial investment required for the project. It assumes that the company will be able to get funds for starting the project which is not always feasible. Also NPV is affected highly by the future cash flows, tax rate, etc. which makes it fluctuate too much due to small changes in the variables. 5. To test the sensitivity of the NPV to the changes in selling price, we had two approaches: optimistic where we increased the selling price by 5% and pessimistic where we decreased the selling price by 5%. When the selling price is increased by 5%, the new selling price = 485 * 1.05 = 509.25 Thus calculating the NPV, we get, NPV (optimistic) = 18757736 When the selling price is decreased by 5%, the new selling price = 485* 0.95 = 460.75 Thus calculating the NPV, we get, NPV (pessimistic) = 9386431 (Investopedia, 2011) 6. To test the sensitivity of the NPV to the changes in quantity, we had two approaches: optimistic where we increased the quantity by 5% and pessimistic where we decreased the quantity by 5%. When the quantity is increased by 5%, the quantity for 1st year = 64000* 1.05 = 67200 Similarly for other years quantity is calculated. Thus calculating the NPV, we get, NPV (optimistic) = 167217102 When the quantity is decreased by 5%, the new quantity for 1st year = 64000* 0.95 = 60800 Thus calculating the NPV, we get, NPV (pessimistic) = 11422565 Thus it can be seen that NPV is more sensitive to the changes in the selling price and less sensitive to the quantity. 7. Yes, Emu Electronics should go ahead with the production of the smart phones. It can be seen from the calculation that the NPV is positive for the project and IRR of the project is more than the rate of return of the company. The only constraint the company has is it requires 34.5 million to start the project. If it is able to arrange the investment using equity or debt without any change in the rate of return then it should go ahead with the production of the smart phones. (Goedhart, 2015) 8. If the sale of new smart phone reduces the sale of other phones, it is loss in revenue for the company as the new product is cannibalizing its own products. Thus to account for this change in revenue, the company must reduce the revenues earned by the sales of new product by the amount of money lost due to loss in sales of old phones. Thus the net present value, internal rate of return and payback period will change and there is a possibility that the project might become unfeasible if the loss in sales is too high. Thus it can have serious impact on the final decision of the project Part B Introduction Hubbard Limited Company was founded by Bob and is family owned business. Its sell computer products and other accessories. The company wants to calculate WACC to understand the cost associated with the business. The company has chosen Harvey Norman as a representative company which is a listed company so that it can determine the cost of debt and equity of the company. 1. From the annual report of Harvey Norman Holdings for the year 2105, the long tern debt value and total assets value has been calculated. Long term debt excluding the current liabilities = 290000000 Total assets owned by the company = 4430000000, total liabilities of the company = 1740000000 We know, Total Assets = Total liabilities + Equity Thus the equity of the company = Total Assets - Total liabilities = 4430000000 1740000000 = 2690000000 2. The stock price of the share for Harvey Norman, HVN = 5.19 The market value of the equity = 5.77 billion No. of outstanding shares = 1113 million Annual dividend paid most recently = 0.17 per share Beta value = 0.75 Yield on government debt = 2.45% for a 3 month bond Market risk premium for Harvey Norman = 5% We know using the Capital Asset Pricing model, Cost of Equity = Rf + (Rm Rf)* Beta = 2.45% + (5 * 0.75) = 6.20% The dividend discount model is not applicable in this case as the dividend paid by the company is not set. 3. From the annual report, Interest expense = 32080000 The book value of the long term debt = 290000000 Cost of debt = Interest expense/ book value of the long term debt = 32080000/ 290000000 = 11.06% As the data regarding the market value of debt is unavailable, we assume the market value of debt is same as the book value of debt (Mitra, 2011) 4. From the book value, we have Total value of the company = Book value of equity + Book value of long term debt = 2690000000 + 290000000 = 2980000000 Thus Weighted average cost of capital = Equity book value/ Total book value * Cost of equity + Debt book value/ Total book value * Cost of debt * (1- rate of tax) = 6.35 % Again using the market values of debt and equity instead of book value, we get WACC = 6.27% The cost of capital calculated at market value is more relevant as it gives idea about the prices at which the company can sell. (Patient Value, 2013) 5. The most important difference between the Harvey Norman and Hubbard Computer Limited Company is the size of the company in terms of revenues and market capitalization. It is not correct to use Harvey Norman as a representative of Hubbard Computer Limited Company as there is a difference in ownership of the two companies, the risk associated with each of them and amount of reserves. The market capitalization of Harvey Norman is more than 5 billion dollars whereas the sales of Hubbard Computer Limited is only 9.7 million. This huge difference in revenue makes it difficult for them to be considered as representable. Also the risk associated with a company with large reserves is less than the risk associated with the smaller reserves as the larger company can easily get access to funds and at a lower rate. The same is not the case with Hubbard Computer Limited. Apart from the major financial differences, the portfolio of the HCL is different from the Harvey Norman. Harvey Norman has a larger variety of electronic goods in its product portfolio whereas HCL has only computer and its accessories. This again diversifies the risk of Harvey. The customers get wider range at Harvey Norman and it is easier for them to convert customers and build trust than HCL. Thus it is not correct to use Harvey Norman. (Winkle, 2011) Conclusion Thus the assignment helps in understand the various topics in capital budgeting. In the first part, the various parameters used by the management for deciding whether or not they want to accept the project. It was found that the NPV of the project is positive and IRR of the project is more than the rate of return of the company. Thus if the company is able to arrange the investment using equity or debt without any change in the rate of return then it should go ahead with the production of the smart phones. In the second part, the method to calculate WACC was explained and the issues in using another company as a representative company were discussed. References Investopedia, 2011, Payback Period, viewed September 26, 2016 https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/paybackperiod.asp Gallo, A., 2016, A Refresher on Internal Rate of Return, Harvard Business Review, viewed September 26, 2016 https://www.thebalance.com/net-present-value-npv-as-a-capital-budgeting-method-392915 Mitra, S., 2011. Revisiting WACC. Global Journals, viewed September 26, 2016 https://globaljournals.org/GJMBR_Volume11/8.Revisiting-WACC.pdf Goedhart, M., 2015, A better way to understand internal rate of return, Mckinsey, viewed September 26, 2016 https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/internal-rate-of-return-a-cautionary-tale Patient Value, 2013. WACC Is Flawed, Use Warren Buffett's Approach Instead, viewed September 26, 2016 https://seekingalpha.com/article/1641702-wacc-is-flawed-use-warren-buffetts-approach-instead Investopedia, 2011, Net Present Value - NPV, viewed September 26, 2016 https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/npv.asp Investopedia, 2013, Internal Rate of Return, viewed September 26, 2016 https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/irr.asp Winkle, L., 2011. Harvey Norman shares: Should you really buy them?. Financial Review. viewed September 26, 2016 https://www.bofaml.com/content/dam/boamlimages/documents/articles/D3_014/bro-04-15-1256_f_singlepages.pdf