Photosynthesis as a biological process

Photosynthesis as a biological process Definition and main principles of photosynthesis Photosynthesis is a process of producing organic agents out of carbon dioxide and water with the help of sunlight and special photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll in plants and bacteriochlorophyll or bacteriorhodopsin in bacteria). Plants, many algae and bacteria (with the exception of archaea) are able to feed themselves with the help of photosynthesis, that is why they are called photoautotrophs. Since the waste product of this process is oxygen, photosynthesis is vital for all the living and breathing organisms on the Earth. History of photosynthesis Jan Baptist van Helmont in the17th century was the first who, having observed the growth of a tree during 5 years, made an assumption that rain water was the main element owing to which the tree was able to grow. Shortly afterwards, Joseph Priestley with the reference to a series of experiments announced that green plants are able to perform the same process of breathing as animals. In 1817 two French scientists Joseph Bienaimà © Caventou and Pierre Joseph Pelletier extracted green substance out of plants and gave it the name of chlorophyll. Only in 1905 English physiologist Frederick Blackman undertook a study and identified the main processes of photosynthesis. Light and dark phases On the basis of the studies, undertaken by Blackman, it was concluded, that the process of photosynthesis can be divided into two main phases. The first phase mostly depends on the level of lighting, but not upon the temperature, whereas the second phase is greatly defined by the temperature, regardless of the light level. These two processes are formally named the light and the dark phases, though these terms are not completely correct, since it turned out that even though the reactions of the dark phase can be going on without light, the products of the light phase are necessary for them.

5 Common Mistakes That Increase the Cost of College

The cost of college is not declining. This is well-known. And with the constant reminder that student loan debt is getting out of hand, parents and students are trying to find ways to make higher education more affordable. Even so, some families may not even realize that they are voluntarily increasing their expenses.Here are 5 of the most common mistakes that make college more expensive.1. Not submitting the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA).Many parents and students assume they are out of the income range to benefit from FAFSA. Families decide not to apply because they believe they wont receive anything. This is throwing money out the window for many students.According to Sallie Mae, the typical family earning more than $100,000 received an average $9,304 in grants and scholarships last academic year, yet, only 30% of higher-income families filled out the FAFSA.For those that do not meet the requirements for free money, FAFSA can still offer low-interest loans for st udents. You can (and should) shop around for the best rate but you could potentially be leaving money (or signing up for higher interest payments) if you dont fill out the FAFSA.2. Not applying for scholarships both within the University and externally.I am not a genius. I dont have a perfect GPA and my test scores are average. Why would anyone give me a scholarship?This statement is used more often than not; however, there are scholarships out there for almost every student. You just have to know where to find them.If youre unsure of how to start the scholarship process, check out our free webinar at https://thescholarshipsystem.com/free-webinar.Trying looking into smaller, local scholarships that have less competition. Your child can also search for scholarships that arent based on scores but more on expertise for example, perhaps they dont have the best grades but your child is entrepreneurial. Look for a scholarship for entrepreneurs. It may have a minimum GPA but it will typic ally be lower than an academic scholarship. Smaller scholarships definitely add up and greatly reduce the cost of college.3. Eating Out.Many universities require meal plans for students living on campus. The first step to avoid eating out is using this meal plan. The second is cooking at home. Though most dorms dont come with a fully-equipped kitchen, youd be amazed at what can be accomplished in a microwave. Does your student eat eggs? Two minutes in the microwave and they make a perfect patty for a sandwich. You can also look up college recipes for more ideas on how your student can save money by eating in and reducing their cost of college.4. Bringing a car to campus.Gas, insurance, parking, dare I say it again? PARKING. University parking is such a nightmare that some charge hundreds of dollars a semester just for a parking pass. Even with the pass, the parking garage or lot is typically too far from class to make it if running late. What does that lead to? Parking tickets and m ore money out the door. And lets not even get into drinking and driving or other vehicle-related accidents and, consequently, expenses. Keep the car at home if at all possible, at least for freshman year, and reduce the cost of college by hundreds, or even thousands of dollars.5. Buying brand new textbooks.Many students, including my freshman-self, dont know any better during the first semester and simply order the entire list of required and suggested textbooks through the University bookstore. Unfortunately, this is rarely the best option. Though purchasing a book or two through the school bookstore is typically inevitable, try to find previously-owned or even previous editions of the required textbook online to reduce the cost of college. If unsure about a previous edition, email the professor. Many times they will say how many editions back you can go or whether or not the book is even needed. It sounds crazy but sometimes you dont need the textbook at all (yes, even if they lis t it). Starting my junior year in college, I would wait until the first day of class to buy any books because of it. Lastly, to further reduce the bill for books and recoup some money, resell them at the end of the semester either to fellow students or online.Jocelyn is a best-selling author, public speaker, and founder of The Scholarship System, an online program to teach students and families how to fund college with scholarships and other free money.For more tips on scholarships and funding, grab a spot to our free online workshop:https://thescholarshipsystem.com/free-webinarOriginally featured on The Huffington Post.